This feedback connection between the output and the inverting input terminal forces the differential input voltage towards zero. This effect produces a closed loop circuit to the amplifier resulting in the gain of the amplifier now being called its Closed-loop Gain.
Then a closed-loop inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to accurately control the overall gain of the amplifier, but at a cost in the reduction of the amplifiers gain. Inverting amplifier Input signal is given to inverting input terminal of an Op-amp. Non inverting amplifier Input signal is given to non-inverting input terminal of an Op-amp. Differential amplifier Two input signal V1 and V2 given to both inverting and Non inverting input terminals of an Op-amp.
Design 1: To design inverting amplifier with the gain of Verify the output both theory and Practical. Capacitor 4. Regulated Power supply 5. Function Generator 6. A differentiator with only RC network is called a passive differentiator, whereas a differentiator with active circuit components like transistors and operational amplifiers is called an active differentiator. Active differentiators have higher output voltage and much lower output resistance than simple RC differentiators.
An op-amp differentiator is an inverting amplifier, which uses a capacitor in series with the input voltage. Differentiating circuits are usually designed to respond for triangular and rectangular input waveforms.
For a sine wave input, the output of a differentiator is also a sine wave, which is out of phase by o with respect to the input cosine wave.
Differentiators have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave inputs; the circuit attenuates all low frequency signal components and allows only high frequency components at the output. In other words, the circuit behaves like a high-pass filter.
A passive integrator is a circuit which does not use any active devices like op-amps or transistors. An integrator circuit which consists of active devices is called an Active integrator.
An active integrator provides a much lower output resistance and higher output voltage than is possible with a simple RC circuit. Op-amp differentiating and integrating circuits are inverting amplifiers, with appropriately placed capacitors.
Integrator circuits are usually designed to produce a triangular wave output from a square wave input. Integrating circuits have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave input signals. Design Integrator: Consider the Lossy integrator for the components values. Determine the low frequency limit of integration and study the response for the inputs i Sine wave ii Square input.
No: 3 Instrumentation Amplifier Date: Aim: To design an instrumentation amplifier and obtain the output for various gain. Resistor 4. The addition of input buffer stages makes it easy to match impedance matching the amplifier with the preceding stage. Instrumentation are commonly used in industrial test and measurement application. The instrumentation amplifier also has some useful features like low offset voltage, high CMRR Common mode rejection ratio , high input resistance, high gain etc.
Since amplifiers A1 and A2 are closed loop negative feedback amplifiers, we can expect the voltage at Va to be equal to the input voltage V1. Likewise, the voltage at Vb to be equal to the value at V2. As the op-amps take no current at their input terminals virtual earth , the same current must flow through the three resistor network of R2, R1 and R2 connected across the op-amp outputs. This means then that the voltage on the upper end of R1 will be equal to V1and the voltage at the lower end of R1 to be equal to V2.
Then we have a general expression for overall voltage gain of the instrumentation amplifier circuit as: 22 Instrumentation Amplifier Circuit: Procedure: 1.
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Input signal is connected to the circuit from the signal generator. The input and output signals of the circuit observed from the dual channels 1 and 2 of the CRO. Suitable voltage sensitivity and time-base on CRO is selected. Change the gain setting resistor value and observe the output. An op-amp is used to design a filters, so it is called Active filters.
There are Four types active filters like Low pass, High pass, band pass and band stop. A low pass filter is used in circuits that only allow low frequencies to pass through below the Cutoff frequency.
It is often used to block high frequencies and AC current in a circuit. A high pass filter is used in circuits that only require high frequencies to operate above the cut off frequency. A band pass filter is a combination of a high pass and a low pass filter. It allows only a select range of frequencies to pass through. It is designed such a way that the cut off frequency of the low pass filter is higher than the cut off frequency of the high pass filter, hence allowing only a select range of the frequencies to pass through.
Procedure: 6. The input and output signals of the filter channels 1 and 2 of the CRO are connected. The correct polarity is checked. The above steps are repeated for second order filter. The following steps are used for the design of active LPF. The value of high cut off frequency fH is chosen. Thus the high pass filter can be obtained by interchanging R and C in the circuit of low pass configuration. A high pass filter allows only frequencies above a certain bread point to pass through and at terminates the low frequency components.
The range of frequencies beyond its lower cut off frequency fL is called stop band. It has two stop bands in range of frequencies between 0 to fL and beyond fH. Hence its bandwidth is fL-fH. Unlike the monostable or bistable, the astablemultivibrator has two states, neither of which are stable as it is constantly switching between these two states with the time spent in each state controlled by the charging or discharging of the capacitor through a resistor.
Op-amp MonostableMultivibrator one-shot multivibrator circuits are positive-feedback or regenerative switching circuits that have only one stable state, producing an output pulse of a specified duration T. An external trigger signal is applied for it to change state and after a set period of time, either in microseconds, milliseconds or seconds, a time period which is determined by RC components, the 35 monostable circuit then returns back to its original stable state were it remains until the next trigger input signal arrives.
Procedure: 1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram 2. Keep the CRO channel switch in ground and adjust the horizontal line on the x axis so that it coincides with the central line. Select the suitable voltage sensitivity and time base on the CRO. Check for the correct polarity of the supply voltage to op-amp and switch on power supply to the circuit. Educating this will allow users to learn how to use R as an open source language for learning bioinformatics data processing.
Specifically, this lab will help analyse biological sequence data using simple R code snippets. Primarily, it is connected with neurobiology, psychology, neurology, clinical neurophysiology, electrophysiology, biophysical neurophysiology, ethology, neuroanatomy, cognitive science and other brain sciences.
Various experiments will deal with the several parameters of Hodgkin-Huxley equations and will model resting and action potentials, voltage and current clamp, pharmacological effects of drugs that block specific channels etc.
This lab complements some of the exercises in the Virtual Neurophysiology lab. Modeling resting potentials in Neurons Modeling action potentials Modeling the delayed rectifier Potassium channels Modeling the sodium ion channel and its effects on neural signaling Current Clamp protocol Voltage Clamp Protocol Understanding Frequency-Current relationship Understanding first spike latency - current relationship Voltage-Current VI plot Effects of pharmacological blockers on action potential Biochemistry Virtual Lab I Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.
It deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. The experiments included in Biochemistry Virtual Lab I are fundamental in nature, dealing with the identification and classification of various carbohydrates, acid-base titrations of amino acids, isolation of proteins from their natural sources, etc.
Population ecology is the study of populations especially population abundance and how they change over time. Crucial to this study are the various interactions between a population and its resources. Studies on simple models of interacting species is the main focus this simulation oriented lab. Studies based on models of predation, competition as seen in interacting species is the main focus this simulation oriented lab. Lab II focuses on applied principles of population ecology for PG students.
This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and, protists and prokaryotes. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated.
It includes the study of the structure and organization, growth, regulation, movements and interaction of the cells. Cell biology is closely related to other areas of biology such as genetics, molecular biology, and biochemistry. Astable, monostablemultivibrator and Schmitt trigger using Op — amp. Wein bridge and RC Phase shift oscillator using Op — amp.
Astable and monostablemultivibrator using NE timer. Frequency multiplier using PLL. DC power supply using LM Simulation of Experiments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 using PSpicenetlists 3.
No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity 1. Function Generator 3 MHz 1 2. CRO 30 MHz 1 3. Op-Amp IC 1 5. Bread Board 1 6. Resistors As required 7. Connecting wires and probes As required THEORY: The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through R1 and the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp is grounded.
The output voltage Vo is fed back to the inverting input terminal through the Rf - R1 network, where Rf is the feedback resistor. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet. No Amplitude volts Practical Theoretical 1. This circuit amplifies the signal without inverting the input signal. It is also called negative feedback system since the output is feedback to the inverting input terminals. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate input voltage is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.
Resistors 7. Capacitors 8. Connecting wires and probes As required THEORY: The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation; that is, the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R1 is replaced by a capacitor C1. A workable differentiator can be designed by implementing the following steps: 1. Select fa equal to the highest frequency of the input signal to be differentiated.
The differentiator is most commonly used in waveshaping circuits to detect high frequency components in an input signal and also as a rate—of—change detector in FM modulators. No Amplitude volts period msec. Connecting wires and probes As required THEORY: A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage waveform is the integrator.
Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier configuration if the feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor Cf. Normally between faandfb the circuit acts as an integrator. The input signal will be integrated properly if the Time period T of the signal is larger than or equal to RfCf.
No period msec Amplitude volts Transfer function of second order butterworth LPF as: 1.
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