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Inverted list 5. Direct access 9. Choosing a file organization is a design decision, hence it must be done having in mind the achievement of good performance with respect to the most likely usage of the file. The criteria usually considered important are: 1. Fast access to single record or collection of related records. Storage efficiency. Redundancy as a warranty against data corruption. Heap files unordered Basically these files are unordered files. It is the simplest and most basic type.
These files consist of randomly ordered records. The records will have no particular order. The operations we can perform on the records are insert, retrieve and delete. The features of the heap file or the pile file Organisation are: 1. New records can be inserted in any empty space that can accommodate them. When old records are deleted, the occupied space becomes empty and available for any new insertion.
If updated records grow; they may need to be relocated moved to a new empty space. This needs to keep a list of empty space. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages 1.
This is a simple file Organisation method. Insertion is somehow efficient. Good for bulk-loading data into a table. Best if file scans are common or insertions are frequent. Disadvantages 1. Retrieval requires a linear search and is inefficient. Heap file organization In the below figure, we can see a sample of heap file organization for EMPLOYEE relation which consists of 8 records stored in 3 contiguous blocks, each blocks can contains at most 3 records.
To access a record, previous records within the block are scanned. Each index must also be updated to reflect the change. For a simple sequential index this may mean rewriting the index for each insertion.
Indexed-sequential organization Indexed-sequential organization Indexed sequential files are important for applications where data needs to be accessed Sequentially randomly using the index. An indexed sequential file can only be stored on a random access device e. The two methods differ, however, in the index level and record storage. The indexed- sequential method has a multiple index for a given key, whereas the inverted list method has a single index for each key type.
They are placed in the are data storage area, but indexes are updated for the record keys and location. Keep the names clear and consistent. If using dates in your file naming, be sure to keep all dates written the same way. Assign intuitive names that will make recognizing your documents easy. Simply start with those that have ambiguous or unclear names. Having to open three or four folders to access a single document can get frustrating and confusing. For files and documents that you know your relatives will need to access, create shortcuts on your desktop.
Shortcuts give you and your relatives direct access to the documents or folders that you need to access frequently from any location on your computer.
Shortcuts are usually set up on the desktop, but you can locate them anywhere. Thanks to this alias, you can directly access any nested document or folder from anywhere on your computer. Doing this will move the location of your original file instead of creating an alias. Make sure to create an alias and avoid any messy confusion. To create shortcuts in Windows 10, you have two main options:. Whether you use a Mac or Windows computer, you can easily set up shortcuts so you or your relatives can access any file quickly.
Organizing photos is a fun part of uncluttering your digital files. During the process, you can go through and relive all the happy adventures and life events that bring back joyful memories. Protecting and organizing these kinds of photos is important. To protect your digital photos and create a system that is easy to access, you must first choose the appropriate storage system. An appropriate storage system will support large quantities of photos and serve as a digital backup as well. You may choose to utilize more than one of the following options to reduce the risk of losing files.
The main benefit of an external hard drive is its massive storage capacity. In addition to organizing files and folders neatly, an external hard drive functions as a backup to your computer. Most external hard drives today are pocket-sized and affordable. Depending on the number of files that you want to store, you may want an option as large as a 4 Terabyte TB external hard drive.
Not only can you backup your valuable files to your external hard drive, but given its compact size, you may carry it with you when you need to and upload on the go. An external drive allows you to keep all of your photos uploaded and stored for quick access in one location. Cloud services are a great option to store and organize your photos. The main providers of cloud storage services are Google, Dropbox, and iCloud. If you have an email account, you might already be using one of these.
By turning on automatic upload from your phone or computer, it makes the process of storing your files in the cloud quick and easy. All three popular storage providers offer free storage limits for each account you set up with them:.
There are many benefits to utilizing cloud storage. For instance, you and anyone with the appropriate login information can access your files from any device, anywhere, as long as the internet is accessible. Some people backup their files on both external hard drives and a cloud service.
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